taungya farming in which country

Dr. Dietrich Brandis, a What is the difference between Taungya farming and ley farming? Taungya, or shifting cultivation system, is a major food and income production system for the majority of farmers in Chin State of Myanmar. Authors: Lalita Adhikari 1, Dikshit Poudel 2 Faculty of Forestry, Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal Faculty of Agriculture, Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal Nepal is a developing country with an area of 1,47,181 km2 and population 2,90,18,803. Taungya farming involves the growing of annual or biennial agricultural crops along with the forest species during the early years of establishment of the forest plantation (Jordan et. 3. ii. In Myanmar, most of the people consider "Agriculture" as the production of crops. 4. erosion and other environmental problems facing the country. 35.07 percent were satisfied with their current farming practice. It is of Burmese origin and means, "hill" (Taung), "cultivation" (ya) (Nair, 1993). The three-storied structure is in certain parts, though most forest conservation This HCV assessment report covers only the initial In 1979, however, the number of taungya farmers had fallen to 17,744 (table 2), despite the facts that the area of traditional taungya remained nearly the same and that in some states taungya farms were not planted with trees. Quarantine regulations are established so as to. Taungya is a method of planting forest trees in combination with food crops. 3 The terms used to describe the system vary enormously. As a land-use system, it serves the diverse needs of . Taungya systems embrace multiple land-use practices involving joint production of forestry and agricultural crops In the tropics, land is a most important factor of production and there is overwhelming . EBENEZER et al. 3c1. Native and migrant farmers have access to Taungya plots for farming in the reserve. The origin of the taungya system can be traced back to 1862, when the colonial British employed Burma's taungya tribes for raising teak plantations along with their paddy (rice). Taungya is a system offorest management in which land is cleared andplant- ed initially to food crops. Seedlings of desirable tree species are then planted on the same plot, leading in time to a harvestable stand of timber. Myanmar is the largest country in mainland Southeast Asia, with 70% of the population working in agriculture, [1] although arable land makes up a relatively low 19% of national territory. 2 Taungya is a Burmese word which literally means hill cultivation (taung — hill, ya — cultivation). Each year, a larger area of the reserve was assigned to taungya farmland. - Contribution of taungya system to forest cover and livelihoods of communities 17 temperature ranges between 27˚C and 35˚C while the minimum lies between 19˚C and 23˚C. One thrust in farming systems research-extension (FSRE) is to understand and unravel these complicated systems so that, wherever possible, innovations may be introduced without disturbing the . The full time jobs were in the form of farming opportunities granted to peasant farmers from forest-fringe communities. The UNCED also met in Washington, USA in policy implications. Although the taungya scheme had been envisaged to serve the local farming population, it soon attracted immigrant farmers from more densely populated areas of the country, leading to an increase in the overall population pressure on the reserve. Teak Leaves Asia: The first teak plantation outside Asia was introduced in Nigeria in 1902. The system was started for the first time in Burma in 1856. Food cropping is ended after 1-2 years as the trees grow up. Work done entirely by taungya farmers; 100% of demarcated area Central 105 noun. Being an agricultural country, Myanmar economy mainly relies on agriculture. The genesis of the term taungya at this point of time at least appears to be as obscure as the category of people it describes. It is basically type of farming where farmer grow crops to provide shelter to their families and to feed them. Taungya farming is a system of raising forest plantation along with crop husbandry. Although the original taungya scheme had en-visaged using local villagers, Okomu was soon attracting Igbos from densely populated (ii) Taungya Farming: This is the planting of arable crops at early stages of forest establishment and the arable crops are harvested before the trees form canopies. Abstract and Figures. Taungya farming is the fore-runner to agroforestry. Introduction. Although there are various ways of doing farming, here I wish to throw light on three systems of farming that are indigenous to our country and still followed. Widespread food shortage may result unless quick measures are taken to control its spread to residual forest lands within and outside the forest estate. Variety Of Agroforestry Systems For Environmental Sustainability Taungya Farming: (, [5]. It is practiced in Kerala, West Bangal, U.P., and to lesser extent in Tamil Nadu, A. P. Orissa and the north eastern hill regions. Chief liaise with migrants to facilitate access to land in the reserve for cocoa farming. The Taungya Farming system provides a source of income to the government. 4d. 2. 1. Hence, in the country where about two third of population solely rely on agriculture, most of the people lives in rural areas, having over exploitation of forest reserve, migration from hilly areas to terai and forest encroachment, frequent natural hazards, declining soil fertility and productivity are the prevailing problems, a wise, natural . . Taungya is a farming system commonly established in young teak ( Tectona grandis) plantations of Indonesia. Taungya is a system of forest management in which land is cleared and planted initially to food crops. and technical efficiency of Taungya farming in Nigeria for its chemical. The Taungya farming system of agroforestry mitigates the effect of deforestation and help to promote an integrated farming system that is more diverse and productive (Garrett et.al., 2000) It is a system where by arable food crops are cultivated together shifting agriculture destroys vast forest areas annually. Firstly, seeds from India were used. In the two countries with the highest population density (El Salvador and Haiti), only 6.2 and 1.3 percent of for-est cover remained by 1990. A survey was conducted in March 2001 at the Ruvu Fuelwood Pilot Project, which was situated within the Ruvu North Forest Reserve in Kibaha, Tanzania. In […] A peer learning workshop, Good Practices in Taungya system, was organised in Hakha, capital of Chin, 16-17 June, 2016 by Chokhlei Organisation for Rural and Agriculture Development (CORAD),Group of Research and Exchange […] The objective of the survey was to examine the role of local knowledge in the taungya farming concept and practice with respect to the . deforestation of the reserve and the failure of the State-sanctioned Taungya system of farming in the reserve to regenerate the forest. farming system, and "eschew the false dichotomy between agriculture and forestry" (K ing, 1979). Historical Development of Agroforestry in the World and in Nepal Agroforestry practices are traditional, very old, and very specific to the local social, economic and agroecological conditions. production in the country thereby contributing to wealth creation and a reduction in rural poverty. Presco acquired two additional leases as extensions of the Ologbo estate in 2012 (3,000 ha), and in 2014 (2,806) ha. of high farming population where demand for farm-land is high. A) allow the importation of diseased plant and animal materials B) prevent the introduction foreign diseases into country C) assist farmers to grow foreign crops D) facilitates the rapid spread of foreign diseases . The land is always protected against erosion. Answer C. Q22. Taungya Farming system is an economic way of replacing unwanted forest with desirable tree species. About 80% of the total population derive their income from agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery to sustain… The farmers, graziers, and forest dwellers have an intimate knowledge of these traditional practices. Taungya farming as it is practiced in Nigeria has a symbiosis presentation in that the landless prospective farmers are allowed to farm the government forest reserves with or without payment of any form of rent but the A simpler system, the use of agriculture crops for assisting in the establishment of forest plantations (taungya) is widespread, and in Africa as elsewhere shifting agriculture provided, in the past, a sustainable land-use system which is only now breaking down under the pressure of increasing populations. In Nigeria, land degradation in the form of erosion oriented, soil physical property deterioration, vegetation degradation and hydrological changes are remotely caused by man's inefficient usage of land and its resources. This has motivated farmers and scientist to develop agroforestry innovations such as Taungya system, in order to obtain grains along with timber products as is the case of Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, Burkina Faso and Ghana among other African countries (Chamshama et al., 1992; Adekunle et al., 2004; Blay et al., 2008; Kalame et al., Agrosilviculture: Agriculture is the primary (major) components and the trees are secondary, e.g., multipurpose trees on farm land, hedgerow or alley cropping, intercropping of trees, home gardens. 0.191 Purchase food crop-tree planting interaction 2 1.25 - 0130.2 0.112 Rent Programme (Taungya) 3 21.25 - 130.17 0.412 Shareholding 4 7.50 + 5 0.382 Government land (Taungya) Farming Farming experience measured in number + experience of years a farmer has been engaged in 0 18.75 0.1880 0.393 up to 5 years farming 1 38.75 .3880. Agroforestry refers to the combination of agriculture and forestry practices within a farming system. In Indonesia, Malaysia and other tropical countries of southeast Asia, the practice is remarkably similar to that of shifting cultivation in Western Africa. Understanding the behavior of taungya farmers is crucial for better management of taungya plantation projects but so far little research has been conducted on this . According to Adedire (2005), agroforestry is a collective name for land-use The neighboring countries in South and Southeast Asia are relatively better off in this respect. forest tree crops, agriculture crop yields declined and agroforestry was no longer possible. farming on that piece of land when the tree canopy closes. Explanation: Slash farming or burn agriculture is also known as primitive subsistence farming. Mean annual rainfall ranges between 1000 mm and 1500 mm. Taungya is a Bamar4 word- Taung (hill) and ya (farm). agroforestry systems, however, this taungya method is highly evaluated because this is only the method which aims to establishing a pure man-made forest without agriculture. As word of farming opportunities in government reserves spread, people from land-hungry parts of the country were attracted to the forests. This decline may reflect the continuing lack of recruits to traditional taungya farming (Olawoye 1975; Ball 1977). Spears (1980) stated that most of Kenya's afforestation programme has been carried out using the taungya system. While the clauses in the Farmland Law related to taungya were inserted by Pyidaungsu Hluttaw representatives after lobbying by the Land Core Group and other civil society organisations, the bylaws were drafted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation without public consultation or parliamentary oversight. Description: ABSTRACT" "Taungya system that originally started in 19th century British Burma is now applied in many countries to serve as a tool for reforestation of degraded areas. Notes on Agroforestry BSc fourth year first Semester Downloaded From: 2 Unit 1: Introduction 1. iii. Other causes are inadequate on-farm conservation and shortened bush fallow with inadequate supply of farmyard manure. A Dictionary of Ecology transitional zone of the country. Cash-cropping and taungya were early attempts at multiple use of the land. In contrast to the Taungya system, the MTS is a more localized forest management practice in which forest communities are given portions of degraded forest lands within reserves to inter-plant food crops with forest trees, and further nurture trees into maturity under an Taungya farming is a special arrangement between the forestry department and farmers, which combines the production of both arable and forest tree cops simultaneously on a piece of land. Nepal is . It is practiced in Kerala, West Bangal, U.P., and to lesser extent in Tamil Nadu, A. P. Orissa and the north eastern hill regions. Taungya System Taungya is Burmas ward meaning hill cultivation, it was introduced into-India by Dr. Brandis in 1890 and the first Taungya plantation was raised in 1896 in north Bengal. The interesting thing about this country is that as you travel in various directions, you see a change in culture, food habits, attire, language, and agriculture system. It has its origins in Southeast Asia (Burma, now Myanmar and Thailand) where it was introduced in a bid to restore tree cover following shifting cultivation. But after the success of the Taungya method gained popularity, seeds from Myanmar were imported and used, and teak plantations in the country reached new levels of success. Department of Forest Resources Management, University of Ibadan, and International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. The taungya system has been widely used in India, Belize (British Honduras), Trinidad and Tobago, Nigeria and other West African countries (Evans 1992). Instead of being excluded after 3 years as in the old TS, farmers are entitled to the MTS plots until the tree crops mature. The former has led Firstly, seeds from India were used. Using Stratified random sampling, two sets of questionnaire were used to appraise the productivity of . taungya A Burmese word that is now widely used to describe the practice, in many tropical countries, of establishing tree plantations by planting and tending tree seedlings together with food crops. This taungya type is the most commonly practiced in Ogun, Ondo and Oyo states. Migrant farmers access admitted forest reserve lands for cocoa farming (Section 4.1). This diversification of the farming system initiates an agroecological succession, like that in natural ecosystems, and so starts a chain of events that enhance the functionality and sustainability of the farming system. In German-speaking countries it is called baumfeldwirtschaft, brandwirtschaft, or waldfeldbau. 4b. al., 1992). The forestland is released to the farm- . Developed in Burma (now Myanmar) in the early 19th century and spreading over the rest of Asia and the tropical world since the 1850s (King 1987), the British introduced the taungya system to Ghana in the 1930s. The practice was adopted inVandeikya Local Government Area of Benue State Nigeria in mid 1950s up to 2000. When this happens, the taungya system is unable to provide the daily food needs and livelihood of the people practicing it. Since 2001, Ghana has introduced a number of forest-based strategies to improve the liveli-hoods of forest communities, restore the country's forest cover and address . Taungya has generally proved a failure as a forestry technique in Nigeria. 4c. cultivation, taungya cultivation. tion of fragile agricultural lands. Agro-forestry is a sustainable land use system and practice in which woody perennials (trees, shrubs) are grown with herbaceous annuals (crops, pasture grass) integrating livestock (animals, birds . Data obtained from 100 farmers that 1997 and Japan in 1998 to review actions taken by were selected using multistage sampling technique were various countries of the world in addressing . Abstract. on the species raised. depending on the country and locality(s eeChapter 6 for details of the taungya system). Under taungya, farmers were allowed to cultivate crops amongst teak ( Tectona grandis ) for the first The casual by-day jobs . Shifting cultivation, taungya and home garden BIKASH ACHARYA-2072. The other type of agri-silvicultural system, known as "farming for pay" or "direct taungya", was introduced in Nigeria in 1971 by the Forest Department of the South Eastern State Government under "project 44" of their 1970-74 four-year development plan. Taungya System Taungya is Burmas ward meaning hill cultivation, it was introduced into-India by Dr. Brandis in 1890 and the first Taungya plantation was raised in 1896 in north Bengal. Taungya method of reforestation system was the rehalibilitation to forest with the collaboration of forest department and Taungya farmers and can provide the national economy. The taungya system was introduced to the WestAfrican sub-region with the aim of addressing land hunger . such changes is the emergence of Taungya agroforestry practice within the forest reserves in Nigeria. It is of Burmese origin and means "hill" (Taung), "cultivation" (ya) (Nair, 1993). Taungya system is a form of agroforestry system in which short term crops are grown in the early years of the plantation of a woody perennials species in order to utilize the land, control weeds, reduce establishment costs, generate early income and stimulate the development of the woody perennials species. Shifting Cultivation and Taungya System It refers to farming of agricultural systems in which land under vegetation is cleared, cropped with agricultural crops for year, and then left unattended while the natural vegetation regenerates. The farm income was 52% of total income. It is a short-period system (1-2 years), as it can not be sustained after the closure of the tree canopy. In 1979, however, the number of taungya farmers had fallen to 17,744 (table 2), despite the facts that the area of traditional taungya remained nearly the same and that in some states taungya farms were not planted with trees. B) Taungya farming C) deforestation D) selective exploitation. The taungya system consists of growing annual agricultural crops along with the forest species during the early years of establishment of the forestry plantation. (iii) Ley farming: This is the cultivation of food crops with . grandis) by using a method he called "taungya," and presented . Taungya system (TS) was introduced in Ghana in the 1930s and revised in 2002 to the Modified Taungya System (MTS) under the National Forest Plantation Development Programme (NFPDP). . The word rarely finds a place even in the standard dictionaries, but in the rare cases it is traced to the French language and its meaning denotes a certain form or method of agro-forestry farming. The Forest Services Division (FSD) of the Forestry Commission (FC) is implementing the Modified Taungya System (MTS) as a strategy for plantation development with the active involvement of rural communities. in cultivated land. Taungya system: In Burmese, 'Taung' means hill and 'ya' means cultivation i. e. taungya means hill cultivation. Agroforestry is a land use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland. However, it has a wider scope not only crop and livestock production but also covers fisheries and forest management. An example of ley is a meadow in the country. Seedlings of desirable tree species are then planted on the same plot, leading in time to a. The booklet comprises 5 chapters: land-use systems related to agroforestry (shifting cultivation, taungya, woody perennial plantation crops, plantation forestry and multiple cropping); The role of trees in soil productivity and conservation; research results from some field examples of agroforestry (hedgerow intercropping - alley cropping, mulch farming, intercropping in plantation crops . The practice was adopted inVandeikya Local Government Area of Benue State Nigeria in mid 1950s up to 2000 word! 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