Interrill erosion is represented as a function of rainfall intensity, residue cover, canopy cover, and interrill soil erodibility. SOIL ERODIBILITY - K Measure of soil erodibility under standard unit plot condition - 72.6 ft long, 9% steep, tilled continuous fallow, up and down hill tillage Independent of management Major factors - Texture, organic matter, structure, permeability transport by rainfall and runoff. soil erodibility (Kffactor) - low values indicate low vulnerability to erosion, higher values mean higher susceptibility to runoff. tory soil erosion process studies which show that none of these assumptions are Knowledge of soil erodibility (k-value) is vital for measuring soil erosion and conservation planning. This article presents a broad review of the physical process of soil erosion, but with the main focus on the approaches, forms of equations, and techniques commonly adopted to quantify the rate of soil detachment in an erosion event. Texture is the principal characteristic affecting erodibility, but structure, organic matter and permeability also contribute. However, there are many types of soil in nature, and it is difficult to measure K factors one by one. The results revealed that soil properties, root traits, soil erodibility parameters and CSEI were affected by slope situation significantly. Soil erodibility Erodibility describes or is a measure of the inherent resistance of geologic materials (soils and rocks) to erosion. Various models have been developed to quantify the effect of the root matrix on soil strength and most of them are empirical in nature. soil erodibility (Kffactor) - low values indicate low vulnerability to erosion, higher values mean higher susceptibility to runoff. ORIGINAL ARTICLE Comparison of soil erodibility factors in USLE, RUSLE2, EPIC and Dg models based on a Chinese soil erodibility database BIN WANG1,2, FENLI ZHENG1,2, & MATHIAS J. M. RO¨ MKENS3 1College of Resources and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China, 2Institute of Soil and Water . The value for the subsoil condition, usually encountered in construction sites, can be determined based on soil texture (relative percent of sand, silt, and clay) or from most county soil surveys, found in the table providing Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils. The only way to come up with a common reliable model for estimating the erodibility char- acteristics of each soil is to first identify the major parameters involved in the erosion process. For a particular soil, the soil erodibility factor is the rate of erosion per unit erosion index from a standard plot. Erosion is the natural process which has the greatest environmental impact, and is the principal trigger for desertification around the globe. Keywords: erodibility, rheology, aggregate stability, Hungary 1 Introduction and objectives Hungary is located in the Carpathian basin. The pre-dicted key breaching parameters (i.e., final breach size, fail-ure time, and peak outflow rate) considering the variations in the soil erodibility along depth agree well with the ob-served values. (1981) computed the soil erodibility factor (K) for different sites in India. Few studies clearly define the processes active or their temporal and spatial variation. Soils. Soil erodibility can be directly quantified from the soil erodibility K factor in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) (Gao et al., 2017, Wischmeier and Smith, 1978, Zhang et al., 2008). • Modeling will help estimate probabilities of erosion to breach Soil erodibility is an estimate of the ability of soils to resist erosion, based on the physical characteristics of each soil. It is a great concept to let nature do the work of revegetation, however in semi-arid and arid regions the process of natural succession, if it occurs at all, typically requires many years of undisturbed development until an increase in biomass becomes measurable, hence it rather is applied to remote, sparsely populated regions and may be underrated as a measure to restore native vegetation . Soil erodibility concept Soil erodibility is usually regarded as the susceptibility of a soil to erode. However, K values for subsoils are not always [] being created using the following formula and a spatial soil erodibility map by interpolation according to the Kriging method in an Arc-GIS environment.In a similar way, spatial maps of the soil texture class, soil organic matter, soil structure, and . This data set provides the soil erodibility of soils in the U.S.V.I., which describes the susceptibility of an area to erosion. e characteristics of soil and its properties The only way to come up with a common reliable model for estimating the erodibility char- acteristics of each soil is to first identify the major parameters involved in the erosion process. This study was conducted to investigate the temporal variations in K r of a silt loam loess soil . The erosion process for two samples (one silt and one clayey sand) was simulated by using STAR-CCM+ after the EFA erosion . Gurmel et el. Further sensitivity analysis indicates that the soil erodibility affects the breaching process of a landslide dam significantly. . However, the term is often used more loosely ( Dusan, 1982; Bryan et al., 1989). This study aims at determining the erodibility factor (K) of selected soils in Imo State by measuring parameters such as grain-size distribution, soil structure and texture classification . 2. 1. Soil erosion is one of most widespread process of degradation. In some vulnerable land-scapes, such as the hummocky morainic landscape in the north- On the other hand, expressions such as soil erodibility on a construction area are more likely to connote the expected soil-loss rate or sediment yield from a particular site. interpretation, erodibility is a function of soil properties only and, therefore, a soil parameter. Soil Erodibility: It is the vulnerability or susceptibility of the soil to get erosion. It is a composite expression of those soil attributes (mechanical, chemical and physical) that affect the behaviour of a soil. forces and soil resistance differs for each of the sub-process active on hillslopes, and soil erodibility can be defined only in relation to specific processes. There are several ways that soil erosion can impact connectivity. It can result from the action of weathering and the transport of solids (sediments, soil, rocks and . The aim of the submitted study is a calculation of the erodibility factor (K) for soils represented different stages of truncation in a hummocky landscape of Northern Poland. The soil erodibility factor (K) is a measure of a soil's susceptibility to erosion by water. Changes in soil susceptibility to erosion can be measured using the soil erodibility factor (K) widely used in erosional models. Soil and root can explain 79.7%, 79.1% and 69.8% of . Generally, soils process that clay and or freezing erosion on watercourses, wetlands short-duration, high-intensity efforts in subsurface soil can be to lower Soil erodibility The erosive Soil Erodibility a slope and generally "seal" the very fine reduce soil affecting erodibility, the severity loss from because of serious soil typically saturated, the amount land is of organic surface, also . Soil Erodibility. • The resistance of soil to erosion is typically defined by the detachment rate (Kd). The factor reflects the fact that different soils erode at different rates Flow on upland has a certain velocity and energy. The erodibility of a soil is a measure of its susceptibility to erosion and depends on many soil properties. In many cases, study methodology precludes precise process exami-nation. The soil erodibility factor (K) is the component of this equation that represents . Here we demonstrate the potential to rapidly assemble . The two methods were compared by using them to determine erodibility parameters for similarly prepared remolded soil specimens covering a SOIL ERODIBILITY - K Measure of soil erodibility under standard unit plot condition - 72.6 ft long, 9% steep, tilled continuous fallow, up and down hill tillage Independent of management Major factors - Texture, organic matter, structure, permeability It is a gradual process that occurs when the impact of water detaches . Soil erodibility in the study area: pedological aspects Relationship between soil erodibility and features Statistical fitting Conclusions . To predict erodibility in this broader sense requires that the effects Generally, soils with faster infiltration rates, higher levels of organic matter and improved soil structure have a greater resistance to erosion. The erodibility of a soil is a measure of its susceptibility to erosion and depends on many soil properties. The soil erodibility factor, K The soil erodibility factor, K, is a measure of erodibility for a standard condition. Soil erodibility concept Soil erodibility is usually regarded as the susceptibility of a soil to erode. Soil texture is one of the major factors which determine the erodibility of a certain soil. Higher soil erodibility will lead to a larger breach, a shorter failure time and a larger peak outflow rate. This study aims at determining the erodibility factor (K) of selected soils in Imo State by measuring parameters such as grain-size distribution, soil structure and texture classification . The characteristics that influence the potential for erosion are those related to the infiltration capacity of the soil and its ability to resist detachment. Soil test P (1‐h extraction at 1:10 vol/vol ammonium acetate at pH 4.65; Vuorinen & Mäkitie, 1955) was 10 mg L −l, which indicates that annual P fertilization would be unlikely to give yield responses (Valkama, Uusitalo, Ylivainio, Virkajärvi, & Turtola, 2009). Soil detachment in the physically based soil erosion process: a review. Soil erodibility is an estimate of the ability of soils to resist erosion, based on the physical characteristics of each soil. Soil texture is described by the proportions of sand, silt, and clay in the soil. Separation of particles is a key process in erosion. Highly erodible geologic materials are readily displaced and transported by water. The values of soil erodibility of the geo-coded sampling points were interpolated in GIS environment through kriging 31 and soil erodibility maps according to land use systems were prepared and . Soil erodibility is directly related to water quality because sediment is a common water pollutant. Erodibility represents the intrinsic susceptibility of the soil to the erosion process, represented by the K factor in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The most commonly used model for predicting soil loss from water erosion is the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) (also known as the K-factor technique), which estimates the average annual soil . Keywords: erodibility, rheology, aggregate stability, Hungary 1 Introduction and objectives Hungary is located in the Carpathian basin. • Hydraulic studies are needed to determine the erosive capacity of the water impacting the rock or soil. Soil Erodibility: The erodibility of a soil depends on its texture and physical properties. Soil erosion is one of most widespread process of degradation. Erodibility And Erosion Erodibility is a measure of a soil's susceptibility to raindrop impact, runoff, and other erosive forces. ; Stolte, W.J. This standard condition is the unit plot, which is an erosion plot 72.6 feet (22.1 m)long on a 9percent slope, maintained in continuous fallow, tilled up and down hill periodically to control weeds and break crusts Soil erodibility factor varies greatly over space and is commonly estimated using the revised universal soil loss equation. Erodibility calculations are based on the "frozen" soil map units, soil loss tolerance (T), and factors for water and wind erosion as they existed in the Field Office Technical Guide on January 1, 1990. Erodibility is the function of physical characteristics of soil and land management practices, used. Test samples will be prepared in the lab with root matrix and its erosion trend will be measured with 'mini' Jet apparatus. Erosivity can be defined as the potential ability . Soil texture, soil structure, organic matter, iron and aluminium oxide minerals and initial moisture content influence soil erodibility. One . Neglecting information about estimation uncertainty may lead to improper decision-making. Runoff from agricultural land is greatest during spring months when the soils are typically saturated, snow is melting and vegetative cover is minimal. The high Erodibility soil accounts for 2% occurring as a small closure in Owo, while moderate and low Erodibility as 68 % and 30 % respectively. Soil erodibility in WEPP The susceptibility or resistance of a soil to detachment and transport usually is recognized as a major determinant of soil erosion for a particular site. Soil erodibility is an essential requirement when estimating soil loss and also when implementing soil conservation activities [71]. Separation of particles is a key process in erosion. One . Soil Erodibility. Rapid In Situ Characterization of Soil Erodibility With a Field. Predicting the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion is difficult because it is a multivariate function of grain size, soil moisture, compaction, and biological growth. Owoputi, L.O. The erodibility is related to the clay, sand and silt composition of the soil. Red, laterite and black soils are relatively more prone to erosion. In a fundamental sense it should be de fined as the amount of soil loss per unit exogenic force or erosivity such as rainfall, surface flow, and seepage. Erosive agents like plowing and grazing also differ in mechanism from entrainment by fluid shear; it is unclear if and how erosion thresholds for each process are related. to erosion. Soil erodibility ( K ) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. The main model used to estimate soil loss by erosion is the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), which unites the major factors that influence erosion into one equation. Soil erodibility is a lumped parameter that represents an integrated annual value of the soil profile reaction to the process of soil detachment and transport by raindrops and surface flow. The erodibility of a material can be defined as the relationship between the erosion rate of the material (z . Predicting the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion is difficult because it is a multivariate function of grain size, soil moisture, compaction, and biological growth. It begins with particle detachment, which is followed by particle transport and finally by deposition of transported par- ticles in a new location. The concept of erodibility is examined forces, soil moisture conditions and soil in relation to recent field and labora- physical and chemical properties. In general, the following affect K. See adjacent table. The incidence of erosion in the southeastern part of the country is prevalent and numerous with minimal solutions available to ameliorate its consequences thus reducing the assurances of food security. Erosive agents like plowing and grazing also differ in mechanism from entrainment by fluid shear; it is unclear if and how erosion thresholds for each process are related. Soil properties that affect erodibility include U.S.V.I. Two methods of soil erodibility testing, the hole erosion test (HET) and submerged jet erosion test (JET), were evaluated for potential application to the modeling of embankment dam erosion and breach processes. it is unclear if and how erosion thresholds for each process are related. Soil erosion process is the combination of a series of interaction processes between soil erodibility and erosive force. The involved physical characteristics of soil are the texture, structure, organic matter, land use pattern etc. The research has following specific aims. The incidence of erosion in the southeastern part of the country is prevalent and numerous with minimal solutions available to ameliorate its consequences thus reducing the assurances of food security. Key factors that affect erodibility are soil texture, content of organic matter, soil structure, and soil permeability. in the soil erodibility along depth agree well with the ob-served values. Recent deposits and soils with higher The results showed that the soil erodibility K values exponentially decreased with increasing restoration age and tended to remain stable after 20 years (y=0.0466+0.0316e-0.2889x, R 2 =0.98). Mapping units on the hillslope profile are specified to better predict the effects of basic soil physical and chemical properties on infiltration and soil erodibility parameters. The soil erodibility value for each soil sample location was determined using the NOMO model with the method described by Wischmeier et al. 1 Introduction Human activities have accelerated the pace of desertification, directly through changes in land use and indirectly as a consequence of anthropogenic climate change . Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process and it is a normal geological phenomenon associated with the hydrologic cycle. Increased soil erosion and sediment transport to streams increases turbidity and fine sediment delivery, which impairs water quality. U.S.V.I. Abstract. e characteristics of soil and its properties Connectivity. Types of soil erosion Illustration of four types of soil erosion. Soil Erodibility Soil erodibility is an estimate of the ability of soils to The erodibility is related to the clay, sand and silt composition of the soil. Specific aim 1: Perform laboratory tests to measure the erodibility of soil sample with root matrix. It is widely accepted that root network of the riparian vegetation provide certain resistance to erodibility of the stream-bank soil by adding cohesive strength, both mechanically and hydraulically. Thus, erosion is a function of the erosivity of the rain and the erodibility of the soil. Soil rill erodibility (K r) is an important parameter for process-based soil erosion models since it reflects the soil's ability to resist concentrated flow detachment.Detailed information on the temporal variability of K r remains scarce but critical to accurately predict rill erosion. From the study of this physics, the USDA- ARS Hydraulic Laboratory has developed an experimental device, the Jet Erosion Test (JET) [8], in addition with a numerical modelling of this process, in order to quantify the erodibility of a given . In a fundamental sense it should be defined as the amount of soil loss per unit exogenic force or erosivity such as rainfall, surface flow, and seepage. erodibility index (or headcut erodibility index) (Kh). Predicting the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion is difficult because it is a multivariate function of grain size, soil moisture, compaction, and biological growth. soil; it is a measure of the susceptibility of soil particles to detachment and transport by rainfall and runoff. Factors such as cohesion, structure, and compaction can also affect erodibility, even in soils with similar textures. Soil Erodibility Factor (K)Different soils show varying degrees of resistance to water-related erosion [].Soil erodibility is an essential requirement when estimating soil loss and also when implementing soil conservation activities [].The characteristics of soil and its properties have a pronounced influence on soil erosion [].This effect is well represented by the soil erodibility . K is the soil erodibility factor. The erodibility of a soil [Plate 2] as a material with a greater or lesser degree of coherence is defined by its resistance to two energy sources: the impact of raindrops on the soil surface, and the shearing action of runoff between clods in grooves or rills. The erodibility of a material can be defined as the relationship between the erosion rate of the material (z . Our results showed that the K -factor of the Middle East varied from 0.14 and 0.32 t h MJ − 1 mm − 1. Among the soil particles, silt had the highest positive correlation with K -factor, while clay showed a weak relationship. Existing Correlations Between Soil Erodibility and Soil Properties 69 3.2 Influence Factors on Erosion 3.2.1 Broad Geological Properties That Influence Erodibility The erodibility of soil can vary significantly; therefore, in general, erodibility depends on engi- neering soil properties. In this context, soil erodibility potentials of two different soils collected from WEPP cropland erosion sites in the U.S. Pacific Northwest were quantified under laboratory conditions for three different initial moisture conditions, and the comparisons between "the process-based WEPP-K terms", namely interrill (Ki) erodibility, rill . The first two steps are influenced to a large extent by the nature and properties of the soil. Introduction Soil erosion is a widespread degradation process that mainly leads to problems in agricultural areas. A correlation analysis between soil loss and the indices of erodibility shows a positive correlation coefficient, however MCR, ER, and K are better indices of soil erodibility showing strong correlation. We suggest that quantitative rheological parameters should be included in the methods used to predict erodibility for erosion models.
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